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What is it? -

The Problem of Evil is a philosophical question that asks how evil can exist alongside the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, and all-loving God. Essentially, it asks how such a deity could allow suffering and wickedness to persist in the world.

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Logical contradiction -

This question basically presents a logical contradiction: if God is all-knowing, he knows of evil; if he is all-powerful, then he can prevent it; and if he is all-good, he would want to stop it. Thus, evil should not exist. Yet it clearly does.

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Evidence -

Many theologians have presented the Problem of Evil as a measure of religious debate. The main issue is that the natural disasters, diseases, and human cruelty that exist in the world are indicators that a benevolent and omnipotent God may not exist.

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Natural evil -

Natural evil refers to suffering caused by non-human things (such as hurricanes, earthquakes, or diseases). Unlike moral evil, which stems from human free will, natural evil raises the question of why God would create a world that includes such devastating phenomena.

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Moral evil -

Moral evil is the result of human actions (such as murder, theft, or oppression). It directly involves human free will and moral responsibility, and raises the question of whether God could have instead created free beings without the capacity for evil.

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Theodicy -

There are various arguments that philosophers and theologians have come up with over the years to explain how suffering and evil exists alongside an all-powerful and loving deity. This is known as “theodicy.”

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Free will -

One popular theodicy is the free will defense, which argues that evil is a consequence of God giving humans free will. Free will is seen as valuable, even though it allows for the possibility of moral evil. After all, real love requires freedom of choice.

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Soul-making -

The soul-making theodicy suggests that God allows evil to exist because it helps in spiritual growth. Through suffering and hardship, human souls are strengthened and developed, making the existence of evil necessary for a higher moral and spiritual purpose.

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Augustine’s theodicy -

St. Augustine (354–430 CE) argued that evil is not a created thing but rather the absence of good. He believed God created the perfect world, but evil entered through the misuse of human free will. This theodicy essentially deflects blame from God to humans.

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Irenaean theodicy -

The Greek bishop Irenaeus (born in 130 CE) viewed the world as an imperfect creation where humans grow toward moral and spiritual maturity. Evil and suffering are necessary stages in this growth, enabling humans to freely choose the good and get closer to God.

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Omniscience -

One part that must always be considered is God's supposed omniscience (his knowledge of everything in the universe, from the past to the future). If God knows that evil will occur, some people argue that he is complicit in it.

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Omnipotence -

God’s omnipotence is a central issue in theodicy. If God can do anything, why does he not prevent evil? Some argue that certain things, like free will, are incompatible with God’s intervention in every instance, which suggests that there are actually limits to God’s power.

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Omnibenevolence -

The problem of evil also raises challenges to God’s goodness. If God is good and loving, why would he allow so much suffering? Some theodicies argue that we cannot fully understand God’s purposes, or that suffering leads to greater goods that we cannot comprehend.

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The greater good -

The greater good defense suggests that some evils are permitted by God because they lead to a greater good. For example, enduring hardship can develop virtues like compassion, patience, and courage, which might not appear in people if they lived in a world devoid of suffering.

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The problem of hell - The existence of eternal damnation in many religious traditions adds to the Problem of Evil. How can a just and merciful God consign souls to eternal torment? Some theodicies propose hell as a necessary result of free will, while others question its existence entirely.

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The incomprehensibility of God -

Some people argue that human beings, with their limited knowledge and understanding, cannot fully grasp God’s reasons for allowing evil. As such, people cannot fully understand God’s plan.

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The afterlife -

Yet another theodicy says that evil and suffering will ultimately be overcome in the afterlife. God’s justice will be realized fully at the end of time, making present suffering a temporary condition that will be rectified in eternity.

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Leibniz -

Philosopher Gottfried Leibniz argued that the world we live in is the "best of all possible worlds." God chose to create a world with evil because it allows for the greatest possible goods, such as free will and moral development.

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Karma -

In Eastern philosophies, karma offers a different explanation for suffering. According to karmic law, suffering results from one's actions in this or previous lives. Evil is therefore a consequence of moral cause and effect and doesn’t involve any deity.

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Passive and active will -

Some theodicies put emphasis on the fact that there is a difference between God’s active and passive will. God actively wills good but passively permits evil, which suggests that while God does not cause evil, he allows it to unfold as a consequence of human freedom.

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Hiddenness of God -

Another question that is often raised within the Problem of Evil is: if God exists, why does he not more clearly reveal his presence, especially in times of intense suffering? After all, revealing himself would provide solid proof to humans of his existence, which would mean that more people would be saved from damnation.

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Non-theistic traditions -

In non-theistic traditions like Buddhism, the Problem of Evil is understood differently. Suffering is considered a central part of existence, caused by attachment, desire, and ignorance. The focus is on overcoming suffering through personal enlightenment rather than addressing divine responsibility.

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Divine punishment -

In some religious traditions, suffering is seen as divine punishment for sin. This view justifies evil as a moral consequence of disobedience to God’s will. However, it raises concerns about innocent suffering and whether all suffering can be attributed to sin.

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The Holocaust -

The Holocaust represents one of the most significant modern challenges to theodicy. The scale of suffering and cruelty has led some to question how a good and powerful God could allow such atrocities, especially to those who worship him.

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Gratuitous evil -

Gratuitous evil refers to suffering that seems to serve no greater purpose, such as the suffering of innocent children or animals. These instances challenge the idea that all evil leads to a greater good or is necessary for free will.

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Dostoevsky -

In his novel ‘The Brothers Karamazov,’ Fyodor Dostoevsky argued that no justification can account for the suffering of innocent children. He claims that human suffering cannot be reconciled with divine goodness, no matter the outcome.

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Animal suffering -

The suffering of non-human animals, especially in the wild, presents a unique challenge. Animals do not have a sense of morality, and so their suffering cannot be explained by free will or moral development. This raises questions about whether or not God truly cares for all creation.

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Atheism -

The Problem of Evil is a central argument for atheism. Atheists often believe that the existence of evil is incompatible with an all-powerful, all-good God. For many, the persistence of unjust suffering is evidence that such a God does not exist.

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An unending mystery -

Ultimately, some conclude that the Problem of Evil may remain a mystery. This perspective does not deny the existence of God but acknowledges that human beings may never fully understand the reasons for suffering, leaving room for both faith and doubt.

Sources: (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) (Britannica) (Reasonable Faith) (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

See also: The meaning of 666 and other numbers in the Bible

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