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Stockholm, in Sweden, is the least stressful city for drivers to commute, with an overall stress score of 12.
In MoneySuperMarket's study, data was collected from drivers on their heart rate (BPM) and heart rate variance (HRV). Combining these results with stress factors, researchers calculated an overall stress score out of 100.
Despite being the capital and largest city of Germany, Berlin only scored a stress score of 15, making it one of the least stressful cities for drivers to commute.
Toronto, the most populous city in Canada, only scored a stress score of 15, meaning driving to and from work is relatively stress-free.
Montreal, the largest city in the province of Quebec, received a stress score of 22, making it the fourth-least stressful city to drive to work.
Leeds, a city in the UK, had an overall stress score of 26.
Belgium's capital, Brussels, received a stress score of 26.
With a stress score of 24, Sydney, Australia, is the fifth-least stressful city for commuting drivers.
Manchester, a bustling city in the north of England, scored a stress score of 28.
Edinburgh, Scotland's capital city, received a stress score of 28, making it a fairly stress-free city for commuting drivers.
Ireland's capital, Dublin, received a stress score of 29, placing it as the tenth least-stressful city for drivers to commute to and from work.
Liverpool, a city in England and the birthplace of The Beatles, scored a stress score of 31.
Catalonia's capital and the second largest city in Spain, Barcelona, scored 39, making it a fairly stressful place for commuters who drive to work.
Birmingham, one of the largest cities in the UK, received a stress score of 38.
Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain. According to the data collected by MoneySuperMarket, it scored 44 out of 100, making it the fifteenth most stressful city to commute by car.
Frankfurt is Germany's fifth-most populous city. It scored 46 out of 100 in MoneySuperMarket's Stressful Commuter Cities study.
Despite boasting 300 days of sunshine a year, Nice, located on the French Riviera, received a stress score of 36, meaning drivers found it a little stressful commuting to and from work.
Scoring 48 out of 100, Philadelphia is the thirteenth most stressful city to commute to by car.
Boston, Massachusetts' capital and most populous city, received an overall stress score of 40 out of 100.
Turkey's former capital, Istanbul, received a stress score of 54, making it one of the most stressful cities for driving to work.
Bristol, located in South West England, is the tenth most stressful city to drive to work. It scored 52 out of 100.
Florida's capital city, Miami, scored 51 out of 100, making it the eleventh most stressful place to commute by car.
Milan, Italy's second-most-populous city received a stress score of 49 out of 100.
Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland by population and according to MoneySuperMarket's study, the eighth most stressful place to commute by car. It scored 55 out of 100.
Rome, Italy's capital, scored 55 out of 100, making it the seventh most stressful city for commuting by car.
Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is the city with the highest stress-to-population ratio, placing fifth overall. It received a stress score of 67.
Paris, France, takes third place, with a stress score of 81.
According to the study, London is the most stressful city in the world to commute to work by car, with an overall stress score of 92 out of 100.
Sources: (MoneySuperMarket)
San Francisco is the fourth most stressful city to commute by car, with a stress score of 78.
Los Angeles is the second most stressful city to drive to work, with a stress score of 84.
New York City scored 64 out of 100, ranking as the sixth most stressful city for commuting by car.
Curious? Click now to find out which metropolis took the top spot and if your city made the list.
The most stressful cities in the world to drive to work
Moving through these cities will let you experience the heat of the daily hustle
LIFESTYLE Commute
Commuting is the norm for many, with most people returning to offices full-time or hybrid since the pandemic. Some research shows that just 15 minutes of traveling to and from work can raise anxiety and stress levels. With that information in mind, MoneySuperMarket conducted a study exploring which city is the most stressful in the world to drive to work. The study tracked the heart rate and heart rate variance of 300 drivers across 30 popular cities in the UK, North America, and Europe during their weekly commute.
Curious? Click now to find out which metropolis took the top spot and if your city made the list.