▲Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988, Shibam's mud-brick constructed high-rise buildings date back to the 16th century.

▲Carved out of the volcanic rocks of the Shamsan mountains, near Aden, about two millennia ago, this impressive system of tanks was used to store drinking water and prevent floods.

▲Sited on Yemen's western coastal plain, the historic town is noted for its houses (constructed from burnt brick) and some 86 mosques, including the Al-Asha'ir Mosque, which dates back to 629 CE.

▲After the death of President Ali Abdullah Saleh, for whom the mosque was named, the Houthi-led authorities renamed the building "The People's Mosque."

▲The forested area blanketing the mountains near the village of Jabal Bura is under consideration for inscription in UNESCO's list of sites that have "outstanding universal value."

▲Sana’a is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.

▲There are about 500 of these ancient skyscrapers, and Shibam remains one of the oldest and finest examples of urban planning based on the principle of vertical construction.

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Fortunately, some of these tower houses were carefully recorded before the war, and restoration initiatives are already underway to rebuild those flattened by indiscriminate bombing. Unfortunately, due to climate change, these initiatives are coming up against challenges like heavy rains and flooding, which plague the region.

▲Sana’a's largest mosque was inaugurated in 2008. It was the scene of heavy fighting between Houthi and pro-Saleh forces in December 2017, during the so-called Battle of Sanaʽa.

▲Sitting in the middle of the tropical Hadramaut Valley is Seiyun, which is characterized by a collection of high-rise mud-brick towers.

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Sana’a's old city stands in marked contrast to the modern Al-Saleh Mosque, which cost US$60 million to build.

What follows next is a list of landmarks that could seen be at great risk due to the conflict.

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Known as the "Manhattan of the Desert," the old city has suffered some damage as a result of the war. UNESCO has now listed the destination as "cultural heritage at risk."

▲The 10th-century Al Qahira Castle, located on the slopes of Mount Sabr in Taiz, was severely damaged during a 2015 airstrike. Yemen's cultural capital has endured conflict and siege since the 2011 Yemeni uprising. Following an emergency restoration project that was completed in 2024, the castle has been partially reopened.

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Yemen's third UNESCO World Heritage Site has been placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger not because of the consequences of conflict, but due to poor upkeep and conservation.

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The region is noted for its 17th-century limestone arch, built to connect Shaharah with a neighboring village across a deep gorge.

See also: Who are the Houthis?.

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This remote mountain village sits at an altitude of 2,600 m (8, 530 ft) in the northwest of Yemen.

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Located in the ancient city of Tarim is this historical Yemini mosque, crowned by a mud minaret measuring 48 m (151 ft), the highest in the country. Tarim itself is notable for a collection of palaces constructed between the 1870s and 1930s, which are among the most intricate and technologically sophisticated mud-brick structures in the world.

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Perched atop a stone pinnacle, this fantastical-looking building was constructed in the 1930s as a summer residence for an Islamic spiritual leader named Yahya Muhammad Hamiddin.

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Look closely at the elaborate friezes and intricately carved frames and stained-glass windows.

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But its 2,500-year-old history is in danger of being rewritten in the cruelest way: Sana’a's 103 mosques and over 6,000 houses are under constant threat of Saudi-led airstrikes.

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Pictured are the ruins of the historic town of Barakish. The director-general of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, expressed outrage after the destruction of the pre-Islamic walled city, known to the Greeks and Romans as Athlula, or Athrula.

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Built between 1056 and 1111 by order of Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi, this is one of the oldest Yemeni mosques in existence. It's located in Jibla, a town included on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List.

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In fact, a number of traditional tower-houses, constructed from rammed earth and distinguished by their decorated geometric facades, have already been destroyed.

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Located near Ma'rib, once the capital of the ancient kingdom of Saba, the Awwam temple complex has been badly neglected since hostilities began.

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Attached to the temple is a cemetery dating back to the 7th century CE. Around 20,000 burials took place here.

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Another ancient town languishing on UNESCO's tentative list, Sa’adah saw several of its historic buildings destroyed after a protracted battle here in 2011.

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Seiyun's outstanding landmark is its palace, also constructed from mud and brick. It's a relatively modern structure, dating back to the 1920s.

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As if tens of thousands killed, millions displaced, widespread famine, and a deadly cholera epidemic weren't enough, the misery of Yemen's civil war has also eroded the country's rich cultural heritage. A nation with three UNESCO World Heritage Sites and a further 10 sites on the organization's tentative list, Yemen is renowned for its historic mosques, palaces, and other unique buildings. But a worrying amount of this ancient architecture has been severely damaged since the outbreak of hostilities.

How concerned should the world be? Browse this gallery and take a look at what's at risk.

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Of worldwide cultural importance due to the remarkable survival of its medieval architecture, the Old City of Sana’a is deserving of its UNESCO World Heritage status.